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              <text>&lt;*2r-[*3]r&gt; ALLO ILLVSTRISSIMO ET / REVERENDISSIMO MONSIGNOR / LVIGI CARDINALE DI ESTE. &lt;inc&gt; Grande veramente è la forza delle virtuose operationi; perciò che se alcuno è segnalatamente virtuoso, come è V. Sig. Illustr. et Reverendiss. la quale (per non tentare la raccolta delle quasi infinite attioni da lei con somma laude uscite, che tenterei l'impossibile) col fiato delle mirabil virtù sue, et con l'ali delle sue soprahumane qualità, ha passato non solo i termini dell'Italia, et della Francia gloriosamente, ma i più rimoti della terra &lt;expl&gt; Questa mia fatica le presento con ogni sorte di humiltà, et di affettione: et la prego supplichevolmente a degnarsi con buon'occhio raccorla et dar luoco nello immenso della sua cortesia et nell'altezza della sua bona gratia, et a lei, et a me insieme, che humilissimo et divotissimo servo le sono. Qui pregandole lunghissima vita et perpetua felicità, faccio fine. Di Lendinara. A xx. di Marzo M.D.LXII. Di sua Illustrissima et Reverendiss. Signoria Minimo Servitore Oratio Toscanella.

&lt;[*3]v&gt; A I LETTORI. La maggior parte di quei che mandano in luce qualche cosa, pongono tutto lo studio loro in giovare più a se stessi, che a coloro i quali hanno da servirsi del suo. Io con questa mia fatica ho deliberato, il contrario facendo, et abbreviare quelle cose che apportano lunghezza alli studiosi, et particolarmente ai principianti, et ridurre in ordine facile alcuni avvertimenti, che sparti et in altra lingua si leggono. L'ordine di così fatto riducimento sarà per via d'alberi, o di capi, in questa nostra bellissima et dolcissima lingua. Alcuni alberi di questi serviranno quasi per memoriale a coloro che delle cose di Retorica et di Loica, et d'alcune altre facoltà sono intendenti. Alcuni poi a coloro che da fresco hanno nel fonte delle lettere humane bagnato le labbra. Et questo sarà come uno assaggio di una gran copia di pretiosissimo licuore, che io ho da scoprire fra pochi mesi alli studiosi delle lettere. Tutta la intention mia è di giovar loro, et da questo mosso non mi curo espormi bersaglio alle saette delle lingue. In ogni modo fra tanto quei che non sanno, et molti di quelli che sanno, si valeranno di queste mie fatiche, et io con opera di qualche importanza mai né veduta, né imaginata da huomini maldicenti, torrò loro l'ardire et la forza. per tornare al mio proposito, vedendo che molti per non passare a cose basse, molte cose necessarie tralasciano, io non mi vergogno aggirare la penna in humili et alzarla anco ad aria più alta. Tra le cose che a i principianti sono necessarie, il conoscere il verbo principale ne i membri della oratione è sommamente necessario, perché da lui nasce tutta la chiarezza de i costrutti, et per conoscere il verbo principale in ciascun membro, fa mestiero sapersi tutte le parole, che esso verbo principale impediscono. Là onde il primo albero sarà intorno a questa necessità.

&lt;[*4]r&gt; AI LETTORI, / LODOVICO AVANZO. &lt;inc&gt; Lettori humanissimi: il desiderio che io ho di giovarvi va di maniera perseverando che non mi tengo mai contento, se non quando io vi do a leggere qualche bella, dotta et utile opera. Et che io non menta, voi lo havete veduto in fatto, et hora per questa opera lo potete vedere, nella quale ho fatto imprimere l'arte poetica d'Oratio Flacco, l'arte poetica d'Aristotile, l'arte breve del Lullio, una parte del poeta del Minturno, i predicabili di Porfirio, una parte de i Saturnali di Macrobio, la Dialettica di Cornelio Valerio, una parte di Quintiano Stoa, et altre cose tutte in alberi et tutte in lingua regolata italiana. Per gratia mostratevi grati di questo mio amorevole affetto verso voi, che vi prometto di sodisfare all'ardente studio vostro a tutto poter mio con bellissime et utilissime opere nell'avvenire. Amatemi.

&lt;1r-109v&gt; CHE COSA SIA VERBO / PRINCIPALE. &lt;inc&gt; Il verbo principale è quello che non è impedito da alcuna dittione, che lo faccia secondario. &lt;expl&gt; Se la saetta sarà di vapori più terrestri, abbruggerà et rovinerà i corpi, nei quali caderà. </text>
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              <text>PRECETTI / NECESSARII, / ET ALTRE COSE VTILISSIME, / PARTE RIDOTTI IN CAPI, / PARTE IN ALBERI; / sopra diverse cose pertinenti / alla / Grammatica, / Poetica, / Retorica, / Historia, / Topica, / Loica, / Et ad altre facoltà. / da m. oratio toscanella / della famiglia del Maestro Luca Fiorentino. / con privilegio. / [tree] / IN VENETIA. M D LXII. / Appresso Lodouico Auanzo. </text>
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              <text>1. epistle to Cardinal Luigi d'Este (Lendinara, March 20th 1562), ff. *2r-[*3]r;
2. preface to the readers, f. [*3]v;
3. publisher's note to the readers, f. [*4]r;
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                  <text>Aristotelian works</text>
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              <text>Organon</text>
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              <text>16th c. (second half)</text>
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              <text>1567—TOSCANELLA Orazio—Precetti necessarii</text>
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              <text>1562—TOSCANELLA Orazio—Precetti necessarii</text>
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                <text>Eugenio Refini</text>
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                <text>TOSCANELLA Orazio</text>
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                <text>TOSCANELLA Orazio Precetti necessarii</text>
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                <text>The work is conceived as a series of tree diagrams ('alberi') and short paragraphs which aim at summarising the main rational faculties (grammar, rhetoric, topics, logic, poetics, history). Aristotle is one of the main sources employed by Toscanella, who regularly refers to him, especially when dealing with rhetorical issues. Nonetheless, the renown school master turns to more recent sources as well: among them, the Dutch scholar Cornelius Valerius (to whom Toscanella refers to in the sections devoted to logic) stands out. </text>
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                <text>ESTE Luigi</text>
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                <text>Precetti necessarii</text>
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                <text>113</text>
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                <text>1567—TOSCANELLA Orazio—Precetti necessarii</text>
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                <text>AVANZI Ludovico</text>
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                <text>AVANZI Ludovico</text>
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                <text>Venice</text>
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                <text>Precetti necessarii, overo miscellane; parte in capi, parte in alberi, sopra diverse cose pertinenti alla grammatica, retorica, topica, loica, poetica, historia, et altre facoltà .</text>
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                <text>Precetti necessarii, et altre cose utilissime, parte ridotti in capi, parte in alberi, sopra diverse cose pertinenti alla Grammatica, Poetica, Retorica, Historia, Topica, Loica et ad altre facoltà .</text>
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                <text>TOSCANELLA Orazio</text>
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                <text>TOSCANELLA Orazio</text>
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                <text>TOSCANELLA Orazio</text>
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